Chronic low back pain, a review of the problem from the perspective of the biopsychosocial model: an analytical review of the scientific literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2077-6594/2025.1/23Keywords:
biopsychosocial model, pain, chronic pain, chronic low back painAbstract
Chronic low back pain is one of the most common problems of the musculoskeletal system, which leads to a deterioration in functioning and quality of life, and is the main cause of disability. The biopsychosocial model has been widely used in studies of complex medical interventions and is the basis of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, is used in clinical practice, and is also used to structure clinical guidelines. This model is based on the understanding that disease and health are the result of the interaction between biological, psychological and social factors. The purpose of the study was to analyze the literature on the biopsychosocial model of chronic low back pain with further systematization and integration of this knowledge into preventive and rehabilitation strategies to overcome this problem. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, a literature search was conducted for 2014–2024 in the online databases PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. A total of 25 scientific and information sources by foreign authors were analyzed. The following methods were used: bibliosemantic, structural and logical analysis. Results. The main principles of the biopsychosocial model are to take into account the biological, psychological and social aspects of human life. This model has gained considerable relevance in the field of rehabilitation as it allows for a multifactorial description of patient dysfunction and focus on the necessary interventions. The biological aspects of chronic low back pain include the nature of the pain, the range of motion in the spine, the degree of dysfunction, genetics, comorbidities, overweight, physical inactivity, and bad habits. Psychological factors include distress, anxiety, depression, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing. Among the social factors, the leading place is occupied by socioeconomic status, education, marital status, work environment and cultural beliefs. Conclusions. The biopsychosocial model considers chronic low back pain as a state of complex interaction of biological, psychological and social factors that have a direct and indirect effect on the formation of pain. Rehabilitation strategies based on the biopsychosocial model have a number of advantages for patients with chronic low back pain.
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