Spatiotemporal Trends of Hepatitis C in Slovakia: A Joinpoint and GIS-Based Analysis (2015–2025)

Abstract

Purpose. The aim of this study was to analyse spatiotemporal trends in hepatitis C incidence in the Banská Bystrica Region and to evaluate the role of community-based screening in the early detection of HCV infection in marginalised populations. Materials and methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between 2024 and 2025 in selected districts of the Banská Bystrica Region. Participants were recruited through outreach activities targeting marginalised communities. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics and hepatitis-related knowledge. Anti-HCV antibody testing was performed using a rapid diagnostic test. Temporal trends were analysed using Joinpoint regression, and spatial distribution of cases was assessed. Results. A total of 278 individuals were tested during community-based screening activities conducted between 2024 and 2025. In 2024, the prevalence of anti-HCV positivity was 2.0 %, increasing to 16.0 % in 2025. The incidence of chronic hepatitis C in the Banská Bystrica Region increased from 15.7 per 100,000 population in 2024 to 17.8 per 100,000 population in 2025. Joinpoint regression analysis identified a decreasing trend in hepatitis C incidence during 2015–2018 (APC −37.6 %; p < 0.05), followed by a statistically significant increasing trend during 2018–2025 (APC +37.7 %; p < 0.05). Spatial analysis revealed geographical clustering of HCV-positive cases, predominantly in the Lučenec district, followed by Rimavská Sobota. Conclusions. The findings indicate ongoing HCV transmission in marginalised communities and highlight the importance of community-based screening for early detection. Identification of high-risk areas may support targeted micro-elimination strategies and improve access to diagnostics and care.