CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTIONS IN THE WORLD AND IN SLOVAKIA IN THE PATIENT SAFETY CONTEXT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24144/2077-6594.2.2020.202359Keywords:
clostridial infections, patient safety, patient isolation, preventive actions, the role of nurses in preventionAbstract
The analysis of the scientific literature found that Infection with Gram-positive sporulating bacteria Clostridium difficile (CDI) is currently a serious health problem worldwide due to its increasing incidence and mortality and it is the most common cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients. In this work we analyze preventive measures, which include contact isolation, hand hygiene and reorganization/coordination of nursing care and of the ward. Preventive measures are time-consuming and significantly increase the workload, which can affect the perception of the patient's safety level by nurses and the ability to concentrate their efforts to adhere to good practices for preventing the transmission of the infection. We also emphasize the crucial role of nurses in increasing patient safety due to their constant presence at patient's bedside. Knowing the patient's everyday clinical condition, nurses can effectively engage and help reduce Clostridium difficile (CDI) infection in the hospital.
References
Kuiper, EJ., Coignard, B., Tull, P. 2006. The onset of Clostridium difficile-related disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 12 [Suppl 6]: 2-18.
Bátovský, M. 2012. Clostridium difficile – a growing threat? Gastroenterology and hepatology. 2012, vol. 66, no. 6, p. 438-443. ISSN: 1804-7874; 1804-803X (electronic version). [on-line] – [cit.2020-01-04]. Available online : http://www.csgh.info/dwnld/gh_2012_6_438_443.pdf.
Kelly, CP, Lamont, JT. 2008. Clostridium difficile – more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 30; 359(18):1932-40.
Jarčuška, P., Bátovský, M., Drgoňa, Ľ., Lišková, A., Holečková, K. 2015. Recommended procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of colitis caused by Clostridium difficile. In Modified 2nd version from August 2014 – version 2.0 Via practica – Suplement 1. 2015; 12(S1) ISSN 1336-930X ročník XII. [on-line] – [cit.2020-01-10]. Available online: www.solen.sk.
ECDC. Clostridium difficile infection. Basic fact. 2013. Stockholm: European Center for Disease Prevention and Control; 2013 [on-line] – [cit.2020-01-04]. Available online: http //www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/en/healthtopics/healthcareassociated_infections/clostridium_difficile_infection/pages/basic_facts.aspx.
Novák, M. Mazáková, I. Červeňová, T., Hudečková, H. 2019. Incidence and the issue of infections caused by clostridium difficile in Slovakia. Medical magazine “Zdravotnícke listy”, Volume 7, Number 1, 2019 ISSN 1339-3022 p. A22.
Beneš, J., Husa, P., Nyč, O. 2012 Recommended procedure for diagnosis and treatment of colitis caused by Clostridium difficile. Prague: ČLS JEP; 2012 [on-line] – [cit.2020-01-15]. Available online: http://www.infekce.cz/dokument1.htm#Standardy.
Škapová, T. 2014. Currently on the issue of Clostridium difficile. Newsletter of CKL ZÚ 7(2):5-6. [on-line] – [cit.2020-01-04]. Available online: http://www.zuova.cz/Content/ files/zpravodaj_ckl/zpravodajckl201102.pdf.
Warny, M, Pepin, J., Fang, A, Killgore, G., Thompson, A., Brazier, J. et al. 2005.Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005 Sep 2430;366(9491):1079-84.
Bauer, MP, Notermans, DW, Van Benthem, BH, et al. 2011. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: hospital survey. Lancet. 2011; 377: 63-73.
Grunewald, T., Kist, M., Mutters M., Ruf, BR., Kern, WV. 2010. Clostridium-difficile infection [Clostridium difficile infection] Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2010; 135: 699-703.
Lübbert C, Johann C, Kekulé AS, et al. 2013. Behandlung als Risikofaktor für das Auftreten einer Clostridium difficile-Infektion (CDI). Gastroenterol. 2013; 51 : 1251–1258.
Heeg, D., Burns, DA., Cartman, ST., Minton, NP. 2012. Spores of clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile show a different germinate response to bile salts. In PLoS One. 2012; 7.
Delmee, M. 2011. Laboratory diagnostics of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001; 7: 411-416.
Bartsch, SM., Curry, SR., Harrison, LH., Lee, BY. 2012. The potential economic value of screening hospitalizations for Clostridium difficile. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31: 3163-3171.
Khoruts, A., Dicksved, J., Jansson, J., Sadowsky, MJ. 2010. Changes in the composition of human faecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy in the case of recurrent diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010; 44: 354-360.
Clancy, CM., Farquhar, MB, Sharp, BA. 2005 Patient safety in nursing practice. J Nurs Care Qual. 2005 Jul – Sep; 20 (3): 193-7.
Mitchell, H. P., et. al., 2008. Defining Patient Safety and Quality Care. Huges, R. G. / ed. Patient Safety and Quality: In Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses [online] Rockville: AHRQ, No.: 08-0043 IDNBK2651, p. 1-5. [on-line] – [cit.2020-01-12]. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2651.
Dodds, A, Kodate, N. 2011. Accountability, Organizational Learning and Risks to Patient Safety in England: Conflict or Compromise. Health Risk Soc. 2011; 13: 327–346. doi: 10.1080 / 13698575.2011.575454.
Hofstede, G, Hofstede, GJ and Minkov, M.. 2010. Culture and Organization: Mind Programs. McGraw-Hill, New York; 2010.
Tourangeau, AE, Cranley- LA, Jeffs, L. 2006. The impact of nursing on hospital mortality: targeted review and related policy implications. Quality safe health care. 2006. February; 15 (1): 4-8.
Masterton, RG, Mifsud, AJ, Rao, GG. 2003. Review of measures for hospital isolation and infection control. J Hosp Infect. 2003; 54 (3): 171-3.
Gammon, J., Hunt, J., Williams, S. et al. 2019. Infection prevention control and patient safety organizational culture in isolation context: study protocol. BMC Health Serv Res. 19, 296 (2019) doi: 10.1186 / s12913-019-4126-x
Cabana, MD, Rand, CS, Powe, NRP et al. 1999.Why do doctors not follow the guidelines for clinical practice? Framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999; 282: 1458–1465.
Aikern, LH, Sermeus, W, Van Den Heede, K. et al. 2012. Safe person, satisfaction and quality of hospital treatment: cross-sectional surveys of nurses and patients in 12 European countries. BMJ. March 20, 2012; 344: e1717. Epub 2012 March 20.
Saint, S., Kowalski, CP, Banaszak-Holl, J., Forman, J., Damschroder, L. and Kerin, SL. 2010. The importance of leadership in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections: the results of a multilateral qualitative study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010; 31: 901-907.
Aiken, LH, Clarke, SP, Cheung, RB, Sloane, DM and Silber, JH 2003. Educational levels of nurses and mortality of surgical patients. JAMA. 2003; 290: 1617-1623.
Plsek, PE.1997. Cooperation across organizational boundaries to improve the quality of care. Am J Infect Control. 1997; 25: 85–95.
Saint, S., Kowalski, CP, Banaszak-Holl, J., Forman, J., Damschroder, L. and Kerin, SL. 2009. As active resistors and organizers, they act on healthcare acquired to prevent infections. Joint Committee J Qual Imag. 2009; 35: 239-246.
Sevdalis, N., Undre, S., Henry, J. et ak. 2009. Development, initial reliability and validation of the observation tool for assessing nurses' technical skills in operating theaters. J Nurs Stud. 2009; 46: 1187–1193.
Mensik, J. S., et al., 2011. Development of a professional nursing framework: the journey toward nursing excellence. Nurs Adm. 41(6),259-64. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e31821c460a.
