The role of somatotype and body mass composition in the cardiovascular system adaptation during physical exercise in females from the lowland regions of Zakarpattia

Abstract

Introduction. Adaptation to the performance of physical work is characterized by the ability of the cardiovascular system to recover to its original level after cessation of exercise. In recent years, research into the constitutional features and adaptive capabilities of healthy children and those with acquired or congenital pathology has intensified due to the fact that the constitution is determined not only by the degree of human adaptation to a wide variety of external environmental influences, but also by susceptibility to diseases and the nature of their course. Somatometry is widely used to renovate standards and indicators for assessment of the health of the younger generation. The anthropometric approach with the determination of the parameters of physical development and the body mass composition is ideal for monitoring health and physical status. The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of the recovery of the cardiovascular function according to the indicators of the recovery of the heart rate and blood pressure after dosed physical exercise in females of the lowland districts of Zakarpattia, depending on the somatotype and the component composition of body mass. Materials and methods. 118 females aged 16-20, residents of the lowland regions of Transcarpathia, participated in the study. The assessment of the dynamics of cardiovascular system indicators depending on the constitutional characteristics of body composition was carried out by methods of heart rate monitoring, sphygmomanometry, bicycle ergometry, determination of somatotype using caliper and bioimpedancemetry, as well as statistical processing of research materials using Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheets. Results and discussions. In the course of the research, we were able to establish that in some representatives of lowland areas dosed exercise on a bicycle ergometer caused a negative reaction of blood vessels. The number of females with increased diastolic pressure after performing work with a power of 1 W per 1 kg of body weight was 6.78%, and after performing work with a power of 2 W per 1 kg of body weight, the number of such persons was 5.1%. The phenomenon of “infinite tone”, which disappeared within 1 minute after cessation of exercise, gives reason to evaluate it as a physiological reaction of arterial vessels to the load, was observed in 7.63% of females only after performing work with a power of 2 W per 1 kg of body weight. When analyzing the dynamics of changes in diastolic pressure during dosed exercise in girls from the lowland regions of Zakarpattia, depending on the somatotype, we found that the highest percentage of persons with increased diastolic pressure after performing work with a power of 1 W per 1 kg of body weight was observed in ectomorphs and mesoectomorphs, which was 16.7% and 18.2% of the total number of examined. Functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system according to the indicator of changes in diastolic pressure depended on the content of the muscle and fat component of body mass, namely: the largest number of such persons, 11.9%, was registered among females with a relatively high content of muscle component (30.4 – 35.3%); in 7.14% of persons with a high relative content of the muscle component, dosed work on a cycle ergometer with a power of 2 w per 1 kg of body weight caused an increase in diastolic pressure; the largest percentage of persons, namely 25.0%, who had diastolic pressure above the initial level during dosed work on a cycle ergometer with a power of 1 W per 1 kg of body weight, was found in females with a low relative fat content (33.0 – 38.9%). Conclusions. Our research are characterized by the fact that during exercise with an intensity of 1 W per 1 kg of body weight, the highest percentage of those in whom diastolic pressure increases is observed in lowland females of ectomorphic and mesoectomorphic somatotypes. That is, the insufficiency of the fat component of the body mass of females from lowland areas is manifested by a negative reaction of blood vessels, namely an increase in diastolic pressure above the initial level.