Colorectal cancer and its screening: the level of public awareness according to the survey results

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide in both men and women. Early detection of CRC significantly enhances survival rates, yet a considerable proportion of cases are diagnosed at advanced stages. Timely removal of polyps and precancerous lesions during colonoscopy prevents disease progression. Public awareness of CRC and its screening, particularly among general practitioners/family doctors (GPs) and healthcare managers, is crucial to increasing participation in screening and reducing mortality.Purpose. The study aims to assess the level of public awareness regarding CRC and its screening methods among residents aged 45–75 in three regions of Western Ukraine. This research seeks to provide evidence-based insights for developing preventive health education strategies.Materials and methods. A sociological survey was conducted among 1102 participants from Lviv, Volyn, and Rivne regions in2024. The survey employed a structured questionnaire comprising 27 questions, targeting awareness of CRC symptoms, risk factors, and screening methods. The data collection process adhered to ethical standards, ensuring anonymity and voluntariness of participation.The questionnaire included dichotomous, closed, and semi-closed questions. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel, presenting results as percentages with associated errors. Additionally, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was applied to identify statistically significant relationships. Methods such as systemic analysis, logical generalization, bibliometric review, sociological, analytical, and statistical methods were employed.Results. The survey revealed variable levels of awareness about CRC symptoms among respondents. The most recognized symptom was blood in the stool, identified by 56.53±1.49% of participants, followed by prolonged constipation or diarrhea 42.11%±1.49%, unexplained weight loss 41.92%±1.49%, and abdominal pain or discomfort 40.47%±1.48%. Awareness levels were significantly higher among respondents with higher education 66.23%±2.72% compared to those with incomplete secondary education 39.58%±4.99%. Gender differences were also noted, with women demonstrating greater awareness of symptoms such as blood in the stool (61.85%±1.92% vs. 49.25%±2.32%; p≤0.001).Regarding CRC screening, 54.54%±1.50% of respondents were aware of its availability, while 59.98%±1.48% were unaware of the recommended age to commence screening. Nearly half (49.91%±1.51%) recognized a family history of CRC as a risk factor, yet 23.59%±1.28% could not identify any risk factors. Family doctors were the preferred source of information for 71.14%±1.36% of participants, highlighting their crucial role in public health education. Internet and mass media were secondary but notable sources, particularly among respondents with higher education. However, 8.98%±0.86% of participants expressed a lack of interest in CRC topics, correlating with lower education levels and reduced awareness of screening guidelines.Key barriers to CRC screening included fear of the procedure (69.96%±1.38%) and insufficient information (44.10%±1.50%). These findings underscore the necessity of educational campaigns emphasizing the safety and importance of screening. Women and individuals with higher education exhibited greater apprehension toward the procedure, indicating the need for tailored reassurance strategies.Conclusions. The study highlights a substantial gap in CRC awareness and screening practices among the target population.Results suggest that educational interventions should prioritize family doctors as information conduits while leveraging digital and mass media to enhance outreach. Addressing misconceptions and procedural fears through focused campaigns could significantly increase participation in CRC screening programs. By fostering public awareness, particularly among less informed and male subpopulations, the study aims to contribute to reducing CRC-related morbidity and mortality rates in Ukraine.