PERMANENT TOOTH IMPACTION IN CHILDREN: CURRENT CONCEPTS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

This article provides a detailed analysis of current views on the problem of permanent tooth impaction in children. The main etiological factors and the pathogenesis of disturbed tooth eruption is described in detail, with particular attention to the guidance theory. The clinical features, modern diagnostic methods (CBCT), and possible complications, such as root resorption, are highlighted. Special attention is paid to preventive approaches and the effectiveness of interceptive treatment during the mixed dentition period. Objective. To determine the current state of knowledge regarding the etiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, and clinical features of permanent tooth impaction in children. Materials and Methods. To achieve the stated objective, an information search and analysis of scientific publications were conducted in international scientometric databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Results. Depending on the depth of tooth position and the nature of the overlying tissues, bone, soft-tissue, and mixed forms of impaction are distinguished, which is of fundamental importance for the selection of surgical – orthodontic treatment strategies. Impaction of the maxillary canines is of particular clinical significance, as the treatment prognosis is closely associated with the spatial position of the tooth crown according to the Ericson–Kurol classification. The etiology of tooth impaction is multifactorial. The prolonged asymptomatic course of this condition complicates early clinical diagnosis and increases the risk of complications, particularly root resorption of adjacent teeth. In this context, radiological methods play a key role in the diagnostic algorithm, with cone-beam computed tomography. Conclusion.Tooth impaction is a complex multifactorial condition that requires early detection and a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach.